Jung’s Individualization

Nov 21

Notes on Jung’s earliest writings

Jung's writings span 5 decades, and cover nearly every corner of human knowledge. Beyond founding the field of Analytic Psychology, Jung contributed great works of philosophy in ever field from Phenomenology, Metaphysics to Theology. Scientific and Psychological concepts which are germaine today such as Extroversion and Introversion are exclusively his contribution; the idea of the Unconscious would not be as it is today without his works. He was a critical component of the forging of psychology as an interdisciplinary science we know today. Jung’s metaphyschological writings are essential to understand the making of the modern mind. Jung is the great 20th century proponent of the symbolic hypothesis in the tradition of the late 19th century psychologies of transcendence- bridging Neurology with the other disciplines through his robust Psychology in opposition to Freud's flat presuppositionless scientific approach. He knit together the French-Swiss-English-American psychotherapeutic alliance along with Freud, but was much more involved in the English-speaking American psychotherapeutic circles than Freud due to his early experimental work collaborating with the Swiss-American pathologist Adolph Meyer and the American neurologist Frederick Peterson. On the French front, he worked closely with William James, F. W. H. Myers and Théodore Flournoy. He knew Einstein, Hesse, Freud of course, and most of the other great intellectuals of his age across borders.

Jung was a polyglot, and this had significant implications to the global science of Psychology. Jung was schweizerdeutsch, so he was able to read Holderlin, Schiller, Hegel, Kant, Goethe, and Nietzsche in the original. Nietzschean phraseology is found throughout his works, and he discusses Nietzsche with Herman Hesse. He frequently mentions concepts like Will-to-Create (Wille zur Macht), Super-man (übermensch), Gestalt (the organic whole), World-Spirit (WeltGeist), World-Picture (Weltbild). These terms have enormous bodies of specific philosophy behind them. Jung uses them strategically and assumes the reader knows what he is referring to, but I imagine these references are lost on most Anglophones. He knew French, Latin and Greek Fluently and had working knowledge of a dozen other languages from his studies. He published his criticism of Freud's dream Analysis in a 1909 work "L'Analyse des röves" in and "Associations d'idees familiales" in Geneva in 1908, both in French. Through his work in London and New York, Jung learned English well in his 20's. The 1907 "On Psychophysical Relations of the Associative Experiment" Was Jung's first publication in English and he published many academic papers in English. He was a major figure in the budding American Psychology associations. His final work, Man and his Symbols, we wrote in English. His anchor with Swiss psychiatry had many unique alliances with the American scene, particularly because of the similar historical relationship between psychology and religion. He spied for the allies on the Nazis and provided a pathography on Hitler directly to the CIA. The American connection had some archetypal significance of America for Jung's own process of individuation, as well as the subsequent Americanization of Jungian ideas.

Jung's earliest clinical case studies and experiments already contain the outline of his philosophic project. He already has a sense of the sacred duty of the Psychoanalyst and the therapist who essentially has taken the place in post-Protestant Atheistic countries. Already in his 1911 "On the problem of Psychogenesis in Mental Illnesses", he displays a robust moralistic-etiological theory and a criticism of the materialistic, presuppositionless approach to Psychology of Freud:

The development of natural science brought with it a general world view - that of scientific materialism, which, from a psychological point of view, is based on a considerable overestimation of physical causality. Scientific materialism fundamentally refuses to recognize any causal relationship other than the physical one. The mantra, as formulated in psychiatry, is: "Mental illnesses are brain diseases." This dogma is still valid today, although materialism in philosophy is already on the wane. The almost undisputed validity of the materialistic dogma in psychiatry is mainly due to the fact that medicine is a natural science and the psychiatrist as a doctor is a natural scientist. The medical student, overburdened with specialized studies, cannot afford to stray into the realm of philosophy and is subject only to the influence of materialistic assumptions. As a result, psychiatric investigations are mainly concerned with anatomical problems, unless they are concerned with questions of diagnosis and classification. The psychiatrist, then, usually regards physical etiology as primary, while he regards psychological etiology as secondary and subordinate; and because of this attitude he keeps in mind only causal relationships of a physical nature and overlooks their psychological determination. With this attitude one cannot appreciate the importance of psychologically decisive factors. Physicians have often assured me that there was no trace of psychic conflict or psychogenic symptoms in their patients; but just as often I discovered that they had carefully examined all occurrences of a physical nature, but had taken no notice of those of a psychic nature, not from carelessness, but because of the typical underestimation of the importance of the psychological factor.
From a psychological point of view, psychosis is a mental state in which previously unconscious elements take the place of reality.

Jung's estate has been extremely stringent on releasing his manuscripts, despite a constant demand signal from academia. Only recently did the estate release the extraordinary Red Book, and even then, only a translated and curated version, not the original manuscript. This is a tragedy as these manuscripts are fascinating historical documents, and this is severely limiting academic inquiry into Jung's life and intellectual pursuits. There are massive gaps in his biography, particularly his intellectual evolution on Phenomenology, that can only be filled if his estate release these works. His later works also need new translations, but the estate actively prevents new translations from being published, as they have the legal right to do.

This collection contains everything published before 1927 from the original manuscripts that are in the public domain, published across half a dozen languages:

1902 On the psychology and Pathology of so-called Occult Phenomena

Jung covers a wide range of Psychic Phenomena and it's connection to known clinical Psychological practices, including somnambulism and Cryptomnesie. Compare this to Kant's Dreams of a Spirit-Seer and Schopenhauer's Attempt on Spirit-Seeing and What is Connected to It. Jung writes here "My main aim was, contrary to public opinion, which has nothing but a contemptuous smile for the so-called occult phenomena, to show the numerous links between them and the field of experience of the doctor and psychology and to point out the many important questions which this unexplored field still holds for us." This is one of Jung's first publications, and already shows an advanced understanding of Phenomenology and Neurology.

1902 A Case of Hysterical Stupor in a Prisoner on Remand

Jung presents a case study of a female prisoner experiencing hysterical stupor, offering insights into the understanding of hysteria and its presentation under the conditions of incarceration.

1903 On the Manic Mood

On the Manic Mood is an early clinical case study of Jung (Original German title: Über hysterisches Verlesen). Here, Jung explores the mood disturbances characteristic of manic states, contributing to the early understanding of bipolar disorder, which was then often referred to as manic depression. He presents a comprehensive study of the clinical manifestation of what the author describes as "manic mood," a condition associated with psychopathic inferiority and characterized by submanic symptoms that often date back to adolescence. The text outlines several case studies, detailing the patients' hereditary factors, early life, and course of illness. Key symptoms identified include emotional instability, flight of ideas, distractibility, excessive busyness, and a cheerful mood, often mixed with other psychopathic traits.

1903 On the Faking of Mental Disorders

On the Faking of Mental disorders (original German: Über Simulation von Geistesstörung) is an early 1903 essay by Jung on the challenges of diagnosing mental conditions when the patient is confused themselves. Jung addresses the intentional feigning or simulation of mental disorders. He examines the challenges of differentiating between genuine mental illness and simulation, particularly in legal and clinical settings. Jung notes that while many simulators are not mentally normal, they often have traits of degeneracy or hysteria. These traits can complicate the diagnosis, as hysterical individuals may exhibit behaviors that mimic genuine mental disorders. The document highlights the challenges faced by psychiatrists in differentiating between real and feigned symptoms, stressing the lack of an infallible method to unmask simulators.

1904 On hysterical reading

In this early work "On hysterical reading" (Über hysterisches Verlesen), Jung discusses the phenomenon of misreading in the context of hysteria, an area of significant interest in early psychology. He analyzes how psychological disturbances could manifest in everyday activities like reading, offering insights into the cognitive processes involved. This was written as a reply to Mr. Hahn (a general practitioner in Zurich) and Published in Psychol, II1 (1904) PP- 347-350].

1904 Medical Opinion on a Case of Simultaneous Mental Disorder

Jung's 1904 book (Original German: "Ärztliches Gutachten über einen Fall von Simultation geistiger Störung") analyzes the case of a prisoner. The prisoner exhibits a mixture of genuine psychological disturbance and deliberate simulation, which complicates the psychiatric evaluation. The analysis reveals a mixture of erratic behavior, hallucinations, and paranoia, along with signs of deliberate deception. Despite the individual's family history of mental illness and some physiological abnormalities, the report concludes that while he was not mentally ill at the time of the crime, his mental state was influenced by his psychopathic and hysterical traits. This case study highlights the complex challenges of diagnosing mental illness in forensic settings, especially when simulation is involved, and underscores the need for a comprehensive and nuanced approach to such assessments.

1905 Experimental Observations on the Ability to Remember

Jung's early 1905 work "Experimental Observations on the Ability to Remember" (original German: Experimentelle Beobachtungen über das Erinnerungsvermögen) is one of his commentary on his clinical works surrounding Cryptomnesia, where he posits that memory, especially surrounding dreams, exposes the structure of the unconscious. This clinical work is critical to his entire philosophic project, and would form the scientific/ experimental basis of his concepts of the Collective Unconscious and Synchronicity.

1905 Cryptomnesie

This early 1905 work delves into the concept of cryptomnesia (original German title: Kryptomnesia), where forgotten memories surface and are mistaken for original thoughts. Jung examines the implications of cryptomnesia for the understanding of the unconscious and creativity, setting a foundation for his later work on the collective unconscious. This was originally published in the hournal "Die Zukunft" in 1905, pages 325-334. Some textual changes were made by the translator, including removing spurious graphs.

Here Jung lays the groundwork for what would become his theory of synchronicity. He explores in detail the concept of cryptomnesic recall, focusing in particular on what is known as the 'Speak of the Devil Syndrome'. This syndrome involves experiencing a sense of foreknowledge of an event that is about to occur, often triggered by the content of a dream. For example, when talking about a person, one may suddenly feel that they are about to meet that person, and indeed the person appears shortly afterwards. The author refers to Jung's observations of such occurrences, suggesting that they come from dream memories. They argue that what Jung called 'waking prescience' is essentially a 'cryptomnesic memory' of a dream, suggesting that there is only one kind of prescience, firmly rooted in dreams.

Jung begins the article:

For those of you who are psychologically trained and therefore familiar with the term 'consciousness', I should like to point out that I am not writing a scientific paper here and am using the term in its ordinary meaning. I am using the term 'consciousness' in its broadest sense to include everything that is momentarily or permanently represented or unrepresented in consciousness.

1905 On the Psychological Diagnosis of Criminal Offenses

Jung's early 1905 essay "On the psychological diagnosis of criminal offenses" which has sometimes been translated as "On the Psychological Diagnosis of the Facts" (Zur psychologischen Tatbestandsdiagnostik) is a window into the foundations of his Analytic Psychology and Therapeutic approach. This essay was first published in: Centralbl, f. Nervenheilk. u. Psychiat, XXVIN in 1905. This was also published in vol. 11 of Ges, Werke, "Die Studien zur Wortassoziation" published in 1905.

1904 Experimental Studies on Associations of Healthy Persons

Jung's early 1906 work "Experimental Studies on Associations of Healthy Persons" (Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Assoziationen Gesunder) was published in the Journal "Diagnostic Association Studies" in 1904.

This essay was published in the Scientific Psychology Journal "Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien" (Diagnostic Association Studies) and it represents one of his earlier forays into experimental psychology. The publication, co-authored with Franz Riklin, aimed to investigate and understand the unconscious processes affecting an individual's conscious responses to stimuli. It marked an important phase in Jung's exploration of the unconscious mind. Through word association tests, he identified the presence of emotionally charged complexes that affect conscious thought, laying the groundwork for many of his later theories. Here we see Jung fully under the influence of Frued's 1901 work "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life".

In contrast to his predecessors, who did not use the association experiment to study association disorders, but attributed them to external factors and regarded them as errors, it was these errors that attracted Jung's attention. By attributing them to internal factors, he developed the concept of "affective complexes". Their discovery later contributed to the creation of his typology of introversion and extraversion. These terms were later developed in academic psychology and are now part of the standard model for describing personality traits (the Big Five).

1904 Psychoanalysis and the Association Experiment

Jung's early essay "Psychoanalysis and association experiment" (Psychoanalyse und Assoziationsexperiment) was published in the Journal "Diagnostic Association Studies" in 1904. Here a young Jung, while working at the Bürghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich, explores concepts such as the Word Association Test, Identification of Complexes, the Nature of Complexes and Psychotherapeutic implications of these concepts.

1906 Freud's Theory of Hysteria. A reply to the Aschaffenburg critique

"Die Hysterielehre Freuds. Eine Erwiderung auf die Aschaffenburgsche Kritik" and was first printed in the "Münchner medizinische Wochenschrift" in München 1906. This is an early detailed critique and discussion of Freud's theory on hysteria, specifically addressing Aschaffenburg's critique of this theory. The text delves into various aspects of Freud's ideas, including the role of sexuality in the development of psychoneuroses and the validity of Freud's psychological theories related to dreams, wit, and disturbances in everyday thinking.

1906 Analysis of the Associations of an Epileptic

Jung's early 1906 work "Analysis of the Associations of an Epileptic" (Analyse der Assoziationen eines Epileptikers) was published in the Journal "Diagnostic Association Studies" in 1904. Here a young Jung, while working at the Bürghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich, explores concepts such as the Word Association Test, Identification of Complexes, the Nature of Complexes and Psychotherapeutic implications of these concepts.

1904 On the Behavior of Reaction Time in Association Experiments

Jung's early 1906 work "On the Behavior of Reaction Time in Association Experiments" (original German "Psychoanalyse und Assoziationsexperiment") was published in the Journal "Diagnostic Association Studies" in 1904. Here a young Jung, while working at the Bürghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich, explores concepts such as the Word Association Test, Identification of Complexes, the Nature of Complexes and Psychotherapeutic implications of these concepts.

1906 Expert Opinion on Two Contradictory Psychiatric Reports

Jung's early 1906 work "Expert Opinion on Two Contradictory Psychiatric Reports" (original German: Obergutachten über zwei widersprechende psychiatrische Gutachten" is a window into Jung's clinical work and the development of his therapeutic method.

Jung's article discusses two cases involving conflicting psychiatric reports. In both cases, the individuals were accused of fraudulent activities and the question of their mental state was investigated. The first case (referred to as Case A) involves a woman who allegedly defrauded two people by claiming to have won a lottery prize. The second case (referred to as Case B) involves a woman who also defrauded someone using a similar lottery-related scheme. The article presents the results of psychiatric assessments in both cases.

In Case A, the assessment suggests that the individual shows signs of hysteria and a pathological belief in the existence of a person named Baumann who was central to her fraudulent activities. The assessment concludes that the person's moral deficiency, combined with hysteria, led to a diminished responsibility. However, it acknowledges that the assessment is based on limited information and that there may be uncertainties about the belief in Baumann.

In Case B, the assessment suggests that the individual is morally deficient and hysterical. It argues that the fraudulent actions are primarily the result of her moral failings rather than hysteria. The assessment also highlights the individual's manipulative and persuasive skills, which are often associated with hysteria. It concludes that the individual's actions are driven by moral issues rather than hysteria.

Jung raises questions about the relationship between moral deficiency and hysteria in these cases and highlights the need for reform in the legal system, suggesting that society should find ways to protect itself from individuals with diminished responsibility, rather than relying on psychiatric institutions to deal with the consequences of a flawed legal system.

1906 On Psychophysical Relations of the Associative Experiment

Jung's early 1906 work "On Psychophysical Relations of the Associative Experiment" was published in English in the The Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1 (Boston 1907). Here a young Jung, while working at the Bürghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich, explores concepts such as the Word Association Test, Identification of Complexes, the Nature of Complexes and Psychotherapeutic implications of these concepts. This was Jung's first academic publication in English.

This article was first written in The Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1 (Boston 1907) pPp- 247-255, under the title On Psychophysical Relations of the Associative Experiment. It was Jung's first publication in English. It represents one of his earlier forays into experimental psychology. The publication, co-authored with Franz Riklin, aimed to investigate and understand the unconscious processes affecting an individual's conscious responses to stimuli. It marked an important phase in Jung's exploration of the unconscious mind. Through word association tests, he identified the presence of emotionally charged complexes that affect conscious thought, laying the groundwork for many of his later theories. Here we see Jung fully under the influence of Freud's 1901 work "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life".

1907 On the Psychology of the Dementia Praecox

On the Psychology of the Dementia Praecox (über die Psychologie der Demerrtia praecox) is an early work by Jung during his clinical days. This work focused on what was then called "dementia praecox," a term coined by Emil Kraepelin that later evolved into what we now know as schizophrenia.

1907 Psychophysical Examinations with the Galvanometer and the Pneumograph in Normal and Mentally Ill Patients

This is one of Jung's early clinical experiments utilizing a new technique created by American Psychologists and is one of his earliest publications. This is the second academic paper he published in English.

Originally published in English in the "Journal of Neurology" in London in 1907. Jung's experimental research into the association method and the psychogalvanic reflex, his study of mediums and his links with Swiss psychiatry had many unique alliances with the American scene, particularly because of the similar historical relationship between psychology and religion. To understand Jung, therefore, one must consider the archetypal significance of America for Jung's own process of individuation, as well as the subsequent Americanisation of Jungian ideas.

The galvanometer is an instrument that measures electrical conductance, while the pneumograph measures respiratory function. The study aimed to assess physiological responses in both normal and mentally ill subjects when exposed to different stimuli and situations. The results of Jung's experiments provided insights into how physiological responses, such as changes in skin conductance (measured by the galvanometer) and respiratory patterns (measured by the pneumograph), may differ between people with and without mental illness. These differences may have helped researchers and clinicians to better understand the psychophysiological aspects of mental disorders and may have contributed to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the fields of psychology and psychiatry.

1908 The Freudian Theory of Hysteria

This is a lecture given by Carl Jung at the First International Congress of Psychiatry and Neurology, Amsterdam, September 1907. It was first published a year later in Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie in Berlin in 1908. In this lecture, Jung attacks Freud's theories around Hysteria and sexuality, especially his theories of developmental sexuality. This was one of the works that led to Freud's break from Jung.

1908 The Content of the Psychosis

The Content of the Psychosis (Der Inhalt der Psychose) is a 1908 essay where Jung continued his exploration into the realm of psychosis, building upon his earlier studies, including his investigations into dementia praecox (what is now known as schizophrenia). In this essay, he explores Nature of Psychosis, Comparison with Personal Experiences and an early model of the Collective Unconscious, an idea which he developed from Schopenhauer's understanding of the subconscious.

Jung attempted to explore and understand the underlying psychic content that surfaces during psychotic episodes. He was keenly interested in the images, symbols, and narratives that emerged during these periods. Jung posited that the manifestations of psychosis were not merely random or nonsensical, but they had roots in the individual's personal experiences and the deeper collective unconscious. Even though the term "collective unconscious" and its detailed exploration would come later in Jung's career, the foundational ideas can be traced back to works like this. Jung observed recurrent motifs and symbols in the psychotic content of different individuals, suggesting a shared or collective psychic substrate. Building on his complex theory, where he begins to diverge from Freudian Orthodoxy, Jung explored how certain complexes might play a role in the development or manifestation of psychotic episodes.

1908 The New Aspect of Criminal Psychology

In a rare foray into Criminal Psychology, Jung describes here how an individual's responses to critical stimuli, particularly those related to the crime in question, can reveal underlying emotional complexes or knowledge about the crime. These responses, termed 'complex traits', include reaction times, emotional reactions and verbal responses, all of which can provide valuable clues to a person's involvement in a crime. The article acknowledges that while these results do not provide definitive proof of guilt, they do provide valuable insights for further investigation. It highlights the need for careful selection of stimulus words, the potential for both innocent and guilty individuals to show emotional responses, and the importance of psychoanalysis in interpreting the results. It also suggests that the cumulative work of many researchers may lead to more reliable diagnoses in individual cases in the future.

This article is a translation from the Italian version published in 1908, because the original German (Neue aspekte der kriminalpsychologie) it was translated from has been lost. This Italian article "Le nuove vedute della psicologia criminale; contributo al metodo della "Diagnosi della conoscenza del fatto" was published in Bologna, July-August 1908) pp. 285-304. The article, translated by L. Baroncini from a German manuscript that was sent to him, but the original was not published in German, and can no longer be found. Part of this article is clearly from Jung's 1909 lecture at Clark University, so presumably, Jung sent a modified version of this lecture for publication.

1909 The Analysis of Dreams

A new 2023 translation of Jung's early 1909 essay "The Analysis of Dreams" (L'Analyse des röves) in which he delineates the basic framework of Jungian Psychoanalysis and his iteration of Freud's dream-theories. This is an essay published by Carl Jung originally written in French and published under the title L'Analyse' des röves" in: Annee psychologique XV (Paris 1909) pp. 160-16. This work is not to be confused with Frued's 1900 The Dream Analysis. This Essay is Jung's commentary on Freud's massive and groundbreaking work on the subject.

1910 A Contribution to the Psychology of Rumor

Jung's previously unpublished essay "Ein Beitrag zur Psychologie des Gerüchtes" is his account of a case he was asked to consult on at a school involving a thirteen-year-old pupil, Marie X., who was expelled from school for spreading a rumor about her teacher. AThe rumor originated from a dream Marie shared with friends, describing a series of events involving her teacher in ambiguous sexual contexts. Jung decided that the rumors were modified by the immaturity of the schoolmates, and recommended to the school that the student be re-admitted

1910 The Family Constellation

Jung's 1910 "Die familiäre Konstellation" is his second lecture at Clark University. The lecture is based off of his "Associations d'idees familiales" in the journal Archives de Psychologie VII (Geneva 1907/08).

In this article Jung discusses a study of word associations within families carried out by Dr Fürst on 100 subjects from 24 families. This research, part of the work of the medical staff at the Psychiatric University Clinic Burghölzli, Zurich, categorised 22,000 associations into 15 groups based on logical-linguistic aspects. The study found significant differences in association patterns between related and unrelated subjects, suggesting that relatives tend to have similar response types. It also examined differences in associations between different family members, including parents and children, siblings and spouses, providing insights into family dynamics and influences.

The article explores the psychological implications of these findings, particularly how family environment and relationships shape individual responses and behaviour. It touches on the impact of parental relationships on children's future partner choices and the transmission of emotional states within a family. The study highlights the powerful influence of family dynamics on individual psychological development, emphasising the role of parenting and family environment in shaping personality and emotional responses. This research contributes to the understanding of the psychological impact of family constellations and the importance of considering these dynamics in therapeutic settings.

1910 On Criticism of Psychoanalysis

This work is Jung's essay defending the basic tenants of the new field of Psychoanalysis (original title "Zur Kritik über Psychoanalyse"). First published in "Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologi & schungen" in Vienna and Leipzig in 1910.

Here Jung discusses the different ways in which psychoanalysis has been received and understood by lay people and the educated alike. It emphasises that psychoanalysis is often grasped without much difficulty, even though its evidence differs from that of the physical sciences. The article emphasises the empirical basis of psychoanalysis and confronts the problem that critics often reject its findings without providing substantial alternative evidence. It notes that independent researchers have reached broadly similar conclusions to Freud, and that those who have experienced psychoanalytic treatment tend to affirm its validity.

Jung attributes this to entrenched scientific prejudices and differences in methodological approaches. A substantial part of the article is devoted to an extended critique by an individual who expresses strong revulsion towards Freudian theories, particularly those relating to child sexuality and anal eroticism. This critique is used to demonstrate the emotional and personal biases that can influence scientific criticism, and to highlight how psychoanalysis often provokes strong reactions when it challenges conventional beliefs about human nature and behaviour.

1911 On the Problem of Psychogenesis in Mental Illnesses

This manuscript is a new 2023 translation from the German version of a Lecture delivered by Carl Jung in the Section of Psychiatry at the Royal Society of Medicine on 11 July 1911 in London. The original title of the German version is "Über das Problem der Psychogenese bei Geisteskrankheiten"

This edition is a new 2023 translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works.

Jung discusses the often overlooked psychological aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, emphasising the importance of considering psychogenic factors alongside physical causes. The author highlights the historical shift in psychiatry towards a scientific approach, which often leads to a focus on physical aetiology at the expense of psychological understanding. This bias is illustrated by a case study of a misdiagnosed woman in whom psychological factors were ignored. The article argues that many mental illnesses, particularly those that fall under the umbrella of dementia praecox, are not purely organic and have significant psychological components. The author argues that many psychiatric and neurological professionals lack adequate training in psychology, leading to an underestimation of the role of psychological factors in mental illness. The article also discusses the importance of detailed patient histories and psychological analysis in understanding and treating mental disorders, and uses several case studies to illustrate the profound impact of psychological factors on mental health conditions. The author argues for a more balanced approach to psychiatry, integrating both physical and psychological perspectives.

1911 A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Number Dream

Jung's early article "A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Number Dream" (original German title "Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Zahlentraumes") is a commentary on Numberology in relation to Frued's dream theories.

This was published in "Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse" in Wiesbaden in 1910. This was one of 8 articles he contributed to this magazine defending the scientific nature of Psychology.

1911 Morton Prince M.D. The Mechanism and Interpretation of Dreams A Critical Review

This is a critical article written but Jung in 1911 on an article which criticized his theories, titled "Morton Prince M.D.:The Mechanism and Interpretation of Dreams: Ein Kritische Besprechung" The original manuscript of this article was published in "Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forchungen" in Wien and Leipzig in 1911. The article that Jung is criticizing was published in English in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology (Boston 1910).

Here Jung extensively responds to criticism of Psychoanalytical theory, and quotes from Morton Prince in English extensively. Jung also talks about Professor Hoche in Freiburg who described Freud and his school as "afflicted by epidemic madness" and wrote a famous article about it.

1911 A Brief Overview of the Complex Theory

In March of 1911, Jung, Freud and Havelock Ellis were introduced to a Dr. Andrew Davidson, the Secretary of the Section of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, to submit papers to be read at the Congress in Sydney in September 1911. This is a translation of the transcript of that speech.

1912 On psychoanalysis -Letter to the Editor of Neue Zürcher Zeitung

Carl Jung's 1912 On Psychoanalysis is a critical early work where he defends the metaphyschological principles of Psychology. This was first published in the magazine "Neue Zürcher Zeitung" under the title "Zur Psychoanalyse". Here Jung defends the basic tenants of Freudian psychoanalysis against criticisms of perversity, arguing that neither he nor Freud advocates for acting out sexual desires.

1912 On the Psychology of the Unconscious

On the Psychology of the Unconscious (Über die Psychologie des Unbewußten) is a critical work documenting Jung's divergence from Freud. Published in 1912 in German, this translation brings his earliest thoughts on the nature of the Unconscious to the modern reader.

In this treatise Jung introduced the concept of the personal and collective unconscious, the latter being a reservoir of universal memories, patterns and symbols shared by all human beings. He also began to explore the role of symbols in mediating between the conscious and unconscious realms, and shifted the understanding of libido from Freud's primarily sexual energy perspective to a broader life force. Although the fully developed concept of archetypes would come later, Jung touched on these primordial, universally recognized symbols that reside in the collective unconscious. This essay, with its emphasis on both individual and shared unconscious content, marked a significant departure from Freud's theories and heralded the basic concepts that would later become central to Jung's analytical psychology.

1913 General Aspects of Psychoanalysis

This manuscript was originally a Lecture given in English by Carl Jung at the Psycho-Medical August 1913, first published under the title "the Psycho-Medical Society" (Cockermouth 1913) in the journal of Analytical Psychology. This manuscript is a new 2023 translation from the unpublished German manuscript, which is more detailed than the simplified English lecture. The original German manuscript is titled "General Aspects of Psychoanalysis" and was written in 1913. This edition is a new 2023 translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works.

1914 On the Significance of the Unconscious in Psychopathology

This early 1914 article by Jung (originally titled "Über die Bedeutung des Unbewußten in der Psychopathologie") is one of his first comentaries on the practical usage of the concept of the Collective Unconscious.

Jung explores the concept of the unconscious, particularly its role in psychological disorders. It distinguishes between physiological and psychological unconsciousness, focusing on the latter as the sum of mental processes that are not consciously perceived. The unconscious contains weaker psychic processes that don't cross the threshold of consciousness and often manifest themselves subliminally. The article explores the idea that consciousness is formed from simpler, unconscious elements, and that unconscious content can compensate for conscious attitudes. Examples are given of how unconscious aspects can counterbalance conscious thoughts and actions in both normal and abnormal psychological states. In mental disorders, the unconscious often intrudes into consciousness in distorted forms due to pre-existing resistance, resulting in symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions. These intrusions are seen as failed attempts to compensate for biased conscious attitudes. The play highlights the importance of understanding the unconscious in psychopathology, emphasising its role in compensating and balancing conscious content, and the implications this has for the manifestation of mental disorders.

1914 Contemporary Psychotherapeutic Questions An exchange of letters between C. G. Jung and R. Loy.

This work is an exchange of letters between Jung and Dr. R. Loy, the doctor in charge of the sanatorium L'Abri in Montreux-Territet. This exchange was first published by Franz Deuticke Verlag, Leipzig and Vienna in 1914

A beautiful example of the debates within the budding 20tth-century field of Psychology, Dr. Loy and Dr. Jung discuss various aspects of psychoanalysis, the role of the therapist and the nature of psychological healing. Dr Loy, who practised suggestive therapy and later studied Freudian psychoanalysis, expresses scepticism about some of Freud's interpretations, particularly the universal symbolism of dreams and their exclusively sexual connotations.

Jung responds by acknowledging the value of various psychotherapeutic methods, including suggestive therapy, while stressing the importance of understanding the moral conflicts behind neurotic fantasies. He criticises the cathartic method and expresses doubts about the therapeutic value of reliving traumatic events, which he sees as often fantastical or exaggerated. Both discuss the role of the therapist's personality in the healing process and the importance of the patient's trust in the therapist. Jung criticises the use of hypnosis and suggestive methods, preferring direct engagement with the patient's psyche. He argues for a psychoanalytic approach that seeks to understand underlying moral conflicts and encourages the patient's self-discovery and personal growth.

Loy's research explores the practical application of psychoanalysis, the challenge of conflicting literature in the field, and the potential influence of the therapist's suggestions on the patient's psyche. Jung emphasises the importance of the analyst's neutrality and the need for the patient to find his or her own path to healing, arguing against any form of suggestion that would impose the therapist's beliefs or goals on the patient.

1915 The Theory of Psychoanalysis

"The Theory of Psychoanalysis" by Carl Gustav Jung, published in 1915, is a scathing condemnation of Freud's theories on sexuality including the Oedipus-complex. This was incredibly embarrassing to Freud for his pupil to so forcefully disagree with him on an international platform, a threat which Freud never had in his academic career. Freud's hegemony in the field of psychology was challenged by this lecture. Jung started to explore the idea of the collective unconscious in this publication – a shared reservoir of experiences and symbols that have universal meanings across cultures. Building on his earlier works like the "Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien," Jung delved deeper into the nature of complexes, describing them as emotionally charged groups of ideas or images.

1916 Seven Sermons to the Dead

The Latin manuscript "Septem Sermones ad Mortuos", written by Jung in 1916, holds a unique and somewhat mystical position in Jung's oeuvre. It was conceived during a time of intense introspection and self-exploration, a period that Jung described as his "confrontation with the unconscious." During this time, Jung was in contact with Hermann Hesse, who integrated many Jungian themes into his own works, especially the novel "Demian", which explores the uber-deity Abraxas.

Here Jung explores 4 main themes: Gnosticism, Pleroma, Creation and Duality, and God & Abraxas. The text is full of references to Gnostic thought and manuscripts. It presents itself as the sermons of the ancient Gnostic Basilides in Alexandria, although it's a product of Jung's own imagination and reflective exploration. Pleroma is a Gnostic term for the fullness or totality that is the source of all creation. The pleroma represents the undifferentiated, primordial reality. The sermons touch on the emergence of different qualities from the pleroma, leading to the duality inherent in creation, such as light and darkness, fullness and emptiness. God is discussed as the personification of certain dominant aspects of the pleroma. The text also introduces Abraxas, a deity who transcends both God and the Devil, embodying both good and evil, life and death. One could argue that Abraxas is a metaphor for Biological Deep-Time.

1916 On the Conflicts of the Child's Soul

"On the Conflicts of the Child's Soul" (original title "Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele") was first published inside the Jahrbuch fur psychoanalytische und psychopathologische foschungen which included essays by Bleuler and Freud. It illustrates his further departure from the Freudian school of thought and his exploration into the deeper and broader aspects of the human psyche. Jung believed that children naturally gravitate towards certain symbols and myths as part of their psychological development, a perspective he would elaborate on more in his later works on the collective unconscious and archetypes. Unlike Freud, who emphasized childhood experiences and especially early sexual experiences as the dominant forces shaping the personality, Jung introduced the notion that children also possess innate ideas – precursors to his later, more refined concept of archetypes. He suggests that these are universally present and influence the child's experience of the world.

1921 Psychological Types

Here in his famous 1921 Psychological Types (Psychologische Typen) Jung elaborates on the differences in fundamental psychological orientations among individuals. According to Jung, these orientations define how individuals perceive the world and make decisions. The core of this theory revolves around two Kantian Antinomies: Attitude and Function types.

Tim Newcomb

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